1/12/2024 0 Comments Detectx 2 virusSerology and Other Adaptive Immune Response Tests for SARS-CoV-2.Antigen Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2.NASA's surface biology and geology designated observable: A perspective on surface imaging algorithms, Remote Sensing of Environment, 257, (112349), (2021).In Vitro Diagnostic EUAs: Overview and Templates F.M.S.’s UCLA contribution to this work was supported by Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract 1542315. Part of the research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We thank three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and suggestions. We thank the Vanuatu Geohazards Observatory ( for generously discussing information on the status of activity at Vanuatu’s volcanoes in 2015. Roehl (California Institute of Technology, USA) for helpful discussions and suggestions and for providing TCCON data. Wunch (University of Toronto, Canada) and P. Retrieved level 2 OCO-2 X CO 2 data used in this study are archived in a permanent repository at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center’s Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center ( ), as well as at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( ). These highest continuous volcanic CO 2 emissions are collectively dwarfed by about 70 fossil fuel–burning power plants on Earth, which each emit more than 15 megatons per year of CO 2. An OCO-2 transect passing directly downwind of Yasur volcano yielded a narrow filament of enhanced X CO 2 ( Δ X CO 2 ≈ 3.4 ppm), consistent with plume modeling of a CO 2 point source emitting 41.6 ± 19.7 kilotons per day (15.2 ± 7.2 megatons per year). We also detected isolated CO 2 plumes from the persistently degassing Yasur, Ambrym, and Aoba volcanoes (Vanuatu), corroborated by near-simultaneous sulfur dioxide plume detections by NASA’s Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite. Enhancements of X CO 2 in the Los Angeles urban CO 2 dome observed by OCO-2 vary seasonally from 4.4 to 6.1 parts per million (ppm). Los Angeles X CO 2 peaks over the urban core and decreases through suburban areas to rural background values more than ~100 km away. Continuous along-track sampling across Los Angeles (USA) by OCO-2 at its ~2.25-km spatial resolution exposes intra-urban spatial variability in the atmospheric X CO 2 distribution that corresponds to the structure of the urban dome, which is detectable under favorable wind conditions. Spaceborne measurements of atmospheric CO 2 using kilometer-scale data from NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) reveal distinct structures caused by known anthropogenic and natural point sources, including megacities and volcanoes. These sensors would also advance the detectability of volcanic eruption precursors and improve volcanic CO 2 emission inventories. Space-based sensors that detect and quantify CO 2 in plumes from individual point sources would enable validation of reported inventory fluxes for power plants. Point-source detection from space is complicated by signal dilution: The observed values of Δ X CO 2 (enhancement of the column-averaged dry-air CO 2 mole fraction) correspond to in situ CO 2 enhancements of 10-fold or higher. Because turbulent mixing and diffusion cause rapid downwind dilution, they are challenging to detect and analyze. Whereas clusters of urban CO 2 point-source plumes merge together, isolated point sources (e.g., remote power plants, cement production plants, and persistently degassing volcanoes) create localized plumes. In global carbon cycle models, anthropogenic point-source information comes from bottom-up emission inventories, whereas natural point-source information comes from a sparse in situ measurement network. Comprehensive global measurements from space could help to more completely characterize anthropogenic and natural point-source emissions.
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